Alexis de Tocqueville publishes in French the first two volumes of his extremely influential study Democracy in America. Gaetano Donizetti's opera Lucia di Lammermoor has its premiere in Naples. A school of landscape painting emerges in New York, with emphasis on the scenery of the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains. Go to Hudson River School c. English artist Edward Lear begins a series of travels, sketching around the Mediterranean and in the Middle East.
Charles Barry wins the competition to design the new Houses of Parliament. The inhabitants of the Mexican province of Texas declare their independence as a new republic. Go to Texas in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Go to Alamo in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Hendrik Potgieter sets off with some Boers and their cattle at the start of the Great Trek to the north. Go to Great Trek —40 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
A site is selected for Adelaide and emigration begins from Britain to south Australia. Go to Adelaide in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Go to Gogol, Nikolai —52 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Tolpuddle Martyrs are brought back to England from Australia after public protest leads to their sentences being remitted.
The Portuguese ban the shipping of slaves from the coast of Angola. Hendrik Potgieter and the Boers, protected by a laager at Vegkop, hold off an attack by a large force of Ndebele tribesmen. American professor William Holmes McGuffey writes the first of his immensely popular school reading books. Work begins on the suspension bridge over the river Avon, at Clifton, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
HMS Beagle reaches Falmouth, in Cornwall, after a voyage of five years, and Charles Darwin brings with him a valuable collection of specimens. In his essay, Nature , Ralph Waldo Emerson sets out the fundamentals of the philosophy of Transcendentalism. Martin van Buren, previously vice-president to Andrew Jackson, wins the US presidential election on the Democratic ticket. Louis Agassiz builds a hut on the Aar glacier in Switzerland and succeeds in recording gradual movement of the ice.
After a victory at Vegkop, Boers massacre the inhabitants of a dozen Ndebele villages in secret dawn raids. Piet Retief emerges as the new leader of the Great Trek, replacing Potgieter. The year-old Victoria comes to the throne in Britain, beginning the long Victorian era. The Whig party in Britain begin referring to themselves as Liberals. Go to Whigs in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Potgieter defeats the Ndebele at the Marico river and drives them north of the Limpopo.
Piet Retief reaches a provisional agreement with Dingaan, the Zulu leader, for a Boer settlement in southern Natal. Rebellions in Canada reveal widespread discontent with the British administration, particularly among the French settlers. Zanzibar becomes the main place of residence of the sultan of Oman. Hector Berlioz's requiem mass, the Grande messe des morts , has its first performance in Paris.
The first trains run between London and Birmingham on the railway designed by Robert Stephenson. Charles Dickens' first novel, Oliver Twist , begins monthly publication in book form, An Irish packet steamer, the Sirius , becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic, completing the journey to New York in 19 days. Brunel's Great Western , a wooden paddle-steamer, arrives in New York the day after the Sirius , with the record for an Atlantic crossing already reduced to 15 days.
US inventor Samuel Morse gives the first public demonstration, in Philadelphia, of his electric telegraph. During a ceremony to celebrate their treaty with Dingaan, Piet Retief and his Boer companions are overpowered and killed. Dingaan's warriors massacre Boer families in a series of dawn raids near the Bloukrans river. Five American Indian tribes are forcibly escorted to a new Indian Territory west of the Mississippi in the process that becomes known as the Great Removal.
Go to Central America in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The London Prize Ring rules disallow kicking, gouging, head-butting and biting in the sport of boxing. Go to boxing in A Dictionary of British History 1 rev ed. John James Audubon completes publication of the plates forming his 4-volume Birds of America. Go to Audubon, John James 26 Apr. The People's Charter, with its six political demands, launches the Chartist movement in England.
Go to Chartism noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Civil war breaks out in Uruguay between the Reds and the Whites, followers respectively of Rivera and Oribe. US naval officer Charles Wilkes leads a four-year exploration of the Antarctic and Pacific, proving on the way that Antarctica is a continent. In his Divinity School Address, delivered at Harvard, Ralph Waldo Emerson criticizes formal religion and gives priority to personal spiritual experience.
US author Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes Fanshawe , his first novel, at his own expense. Go to Hawthorne, Nathaniel —64 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The British seize the strategic port of Aden and administer it as a province annexed to India.
Go to Aden in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Mutiny by slaves on a Spanish vessel leads two years later to a significant abolitionist victory in the Amistad case. Go to Amistad Case. Abd-el-Kader proclaims a holy war against the French in Algeria and begins a military campaign that will last for eight years. Andries Pretorius sets up the Boer republic of Natalia, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. Go to Pretorius, Andries — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
British troops invade China after the Chinese authorities seize and destroy the opium stocks of British merchants in Canton. In the Bedchamber Crisis, Queen Victoria shows steely determination in refusing to dismiss politically committed ladies of her bedchamber.
British forces capture Hong Kong, which is subsequently ceded to Britain by China at the end of the first Opium War in Go to Courbet, Gustave —77 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. With Boer help, Mpande removes his brother Dingaan from the Zulu throne and takes his place. Swiss scientist Louis Agassiz argues, in his Study on Glaciers , that much of Europe was recently in the grip of an ice age.
Napoleon's remains are brought to Paris for burial in Les Invalides, as the Napoleonic legend grows. Queen Victoria gives Kew Gardens to the nation, as a botanic garden of scientific importance. Muhammad Ali, officially viceroy for the Turkish sultan, establishes his own ruling dynasty on the throne of Egypt. Go to Muhammad Ali — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Victoria marries Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and soon, with nine children, they provide the very image of the ideal Victorian family.
The first issue of the quarterly magazine The Dial is issued by the Transcendentalists meeting at Ralph Waldo Emerson's home. Robert Schumann marries the pianist Clara Wieck, daughter of his first teacher. William Henry Harrison wins the US presidential election as the Whig candidate, but dies 30 days after taking office. Go to Dana, Richard Henry, Jr. Herman Melville goes to sea on the whaler Acushnet and spends more than a year in the south Pacific. Go to Melville, Herman —91 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
The Straits Convention, agreed between the European powers and Turkey, is a concerted attempt to prop up the Ottoman empire. Robert Peel replaces Lord Melbourne as prime minister after a Conservative victory in the British general election. Fox Talbot patents the 'calotype', introducing the negative-positive process that becomes standard in photography. Horace Greeley founds and edits the New-York Tribune , which will survive for more than a century till Go to Greeley, Horace —72 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
On the sudden death of US president William Henry Harrison, from pneumonia, he is succeeded in the office by his vice-president John Tyler. Go to Tyler, John — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. With a teetotallers' rail trip for people, Thomas Cook introduces the notion of the package tour. Britain sends four naval ships up the river Niger to make anti-slavery treaties with local kings. Go to income tax in A Dictionary of British History 1 rev ed. Lord Shaftesbury's Mines Act makes it illegal for boys under 13, and women and girls of any age, to be employed underground in Britain.
The British abandon Kabul, losing most of the garrison force in the withdrawal to India and bringing to an end the first Anglo-Afghan war. The young Friedrich Engels is sent from Germany to manage the family cotton-spinning factory in Manchester. The success of the opera Nabucco , premiered in Milan, is a turning point in the fortunes of Giuseppe Verdi. Go to Verdi, Giuseppe — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
Irish nationalist Daniel O'Connell pioneers mass political demonstrations, which become known as 'monster meetings'. Edwin Pearce Christy launches the Virginia Minstrels, later to become America's most popular minstrel show under the name Christy's Minstrels. English poet Robert Browning publishes a vivid narrative poem about the terrible revenge of The Pied Piper of Hamelin. Austrian physicist Christian Doppler explains the acoustic effect now known by his name. The publication of the first part of the satirical novel Dead Souls , by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, proves a sensation in Russia.
US showman P. Barnum draws huge crowds to the New York premises where his attractions include 'General Tom Thumb', a 4-year-old midget. The Brunel engineers, father and son, finish an year project tunnelling under the Thames between Wapping and Rotherhithe. The Flying Dutchman is the first of Richard Wagner's major operas to be staged, with its premiere in Dresden. Go to Wagner, Richard —83 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
The British take control of the existing Boer republic and proclaim Natal a British protectorate. Henry Cole commissions copies of the world's first Christmas card, designed for him by John Calcott Horsley. Go to Oregon Trail in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The statue of Nelson, by E. Baily, is placed on top of its column in Trafalgar Square.
Go to Baily, Edward Hodges 10 Mar. Isambard Kingdom Brunel launches the Great Britain , the first iron steamship designed for the transatlantic passenger trade. Mendelssohn's overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream , amplified now with incidental music, is greeted as a masterpiece at a performance of the play in Potsdam.
William Hickling Prescott brings the Conquistadors dramatically to life in his 3-volume History of the Conquest of Mexico. Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz completes his pioneering Poissons Fossiles 'Fossil Fish' , classifying more than categories. Daniel O'Connell is convicted of seditious conspiracy and is sentenced to prison. The first great entrepreneur of the railway age, George Hudson, becomes known as the Railway King. The Hungarian diet decrees that Magyar, rather than German, is to be the official language of the kingdom.
Go to Hungarian in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Daniel O'Connell is acquitted on appeal and released from prison. In his novel Coningsby Benjamin Disraeli develops the theme of Conservatism uniting 'two nations', the rich and the poor. Go to Nicholas I — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels meet in Paris and become life-long friends. James Polk pledges in his presidential campaign to include the self-proclaimed republic of Texas in the USA. The Mormon leader, Joseph Smith, and his brother are killed by an armed mob in Nauvoo. The other half of Hispaniola joins Haiti in declaring independence, as the Dominican Republic. New Yorker Alexander Cartwright devises the set of rules that become the basis of the modern game of baseball.
Go to baseball in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. British archaeologist Henry Layard, in his first month of digging in Iraq, discovers the Assyrian city of Nimrud. A blight destroys the potato crop in Ireland and causes what becomes known as the Great Famine. Henry David Thoreau moves into a hut that he has built for himself in the woods at Walden Pond near Concord, Massachusetts.
The expansionist slogan 'Manifest Destiny' is coined by journalist John L. Go to manifest destiny in A Dictionary of World History 2 ed. With his emphasis on the subjective experience of human Existenz , the Danish philosopher Kierkegaard plants the seed of existentialism. Escaped slave Frederick Douglass publishes the first of three volumes of autobiography.
Go to Douglass, Frederick —95 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. US author Margaret Fuller publishes Woman in the Nineteenth Century , an early and thoughtful feminist study of women's place in society. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert follow the German custom of a family Christmas tree, immediately making it popular in Britain. The self-contained metal cartridge, with a percussion cap in its base, is patented by a Paris gunsmith named Houiller.
British prime minister Robert Peel carries a bill to repeal the Corn Laws, splitting his own party in the process. Francis Parkman travels west into dangerous territory in Wyoming, an adventure he later describes in The Oregon Trail.
The Irish, fleeing from the potato famine at home, become the main group of immigrants to the USA. The minority of Conservatives supporting Peel become a separate faction, henceforth known as the Peelites. Go to Peelite noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Edward Lear publishes his Book of Nonsense , consisting of limericks illustrated with his own cartoons.
With his Conservative party split, Peel's government falls and Lord John Russell becomes British prime minister at the head of a Whig administration. Brigham Young leads the migration of Mormons west up the Missouri from Illinois.
Go to Young, Brigham —77 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Mendelssohn's oratorio Elijah has its premiere in England, in the city of Birmingham. Go to Smithsonian Institution in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
A dentist in Boston, William Morton, uses ether as an anaesthetic while surgeon John Collins Warren removes a tumour in a patient's neck. Landlords in Scotland begin to clear crofters from Highland estates so as to provide pasture for sheep.
Go to Highland clearances in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Members of the Donner Party, on the trail to California, survive by eating human flesh when trapped by snow in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada.
A new Factory Act is passed in Britain, limiting the working day of women and children to a maximum of ten hours. Scottish obstetrician James Simpson uses anaesthetic ether, and later in the year chloroform to ease difficulty in childbirth. English author William Makepeace Thackeray begins publication of his novel Vanity Fair in monthly parts book form At a congress in London Engels persuades a group of radical Germans to adopt the name Communist League.
Pretorius leads the last Boer families out of Natal and over the Drakensberg to the high veld. Don Pacifico's house in Athens is burnt by an anti-Semitic crowd, provoking an international incident. Liberia wins independence and international recognition as a republic. Go to Liberia in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed.
Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes his first collection of poems, many of which have appeared first in The Dial. Napoleon's widow, the empress Marie Louise, now the duchess of Parma, dies in Parma.
Gold is found on the property of John Sutter, at Coloma on the Sacramento river in California, and news of it launches the first gold rush. Go to gold rush noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. An uprising in Sicily in January starts off Europe's 'year of revolutions'. Go to Revolutions of in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
Two New York girls, Maggie and Katie Fox, claim to be in touch with the spirit of a murdered man, thus launching the modern cult of spiritualism. Go to spiritualism in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Prussian army is the first to adopt a breech-loading rifle, the 'needle-gun' developed by gunsmith Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse.
The Wilmot Proviso is defeated in the US Senate, heightening north-south tensions on the issue of slavery. The Communist Manifesto, by Marx and Engels, is published in Paris with the ringing slogan: 'Workers of the world, unite! An uprising in Vienna leads to the resignation, on the following day, of the long-serving chancellor Klemens von Metternich. Another uprising in Vienna causes the emperor Ferdinand I to flee for safety to Innsbruck.
Go to Wisconsin in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Martial law is imposed in Prague after a demonstration by radical Czech students following a Pan-Slav congress. Scottish physicist William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, proposes the 'absolute' scale of temperature. Go to Free State in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. English caricaturist George Cruikshank publishes The Drunkard's Children in support of the developing Temperance movement.
Suppression of unrest in Hungary provokes a third violent uprising in Vienna and another flight by Ferdinand I, this time to Olomouc. Louis Napoleon is elected the first president of France's new Second Republic.
Susannah is in the first published collection of popular songs by Stephen Collins Foster. A utopian community dedicated to the sharing of both property and sexual favours is established by John Humphrey Noyes near Oneida, New York. The prime minister of the papal states, Pellegrino Rossi, is assassinated in Rome. The second Anglo-Sikh war begins when a British army invades the Punjab to suppress a local uprising.
Go to Taylor, Zachary — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Go to Franz Joseph — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Prince Albert is the driving force behind the plans for a Great Exhibition in London. A new Roman republic is proclaimed, with veteran agitator Giuseppe Mazzini in the leading role. Charles Dickens begins the publication in monthly numbers of David Copperfield , his own favourite among his novels.
A British victory at the Battle of Gujarat effectively ends the second Anglo-Sikh war, and is followed by annexation of the Punjab. Giuseppe Garibaldi arrives from exile in South America to defend the new Roman republic against a French army. Go to Garibaldi, Giuseppe —82 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Delegates of the German states offer the imperial crown of a united Germany to Frederick William IV, the king of Prussia, who rejects it.
Francis Parkman's The Oregon Trail , already serialized in , is published in book form. Nationalist leader Lajos Kossuth announces the independence of Hungary and the deposition of the Habsburg dynasty. Go to Kossuth, Lajos —94 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. An anti-British mob attacks the New York theatre where William Macready is appearing as Macbeth, leaving 22 dead and many injured. Go to Roberts, David 24 Oct.
The gold rush to California gathers pace during , causing the prospectors to become known as 'forty-niners'. Go to Strauss, Johann —99 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Pope Pius IX returns to Rome under the protection of French troops, with his enthusiasm for any form of change much reduced.
The Habsburgs recover power in both Austria and Hungary. Go to Habsburg in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Expelled from Germany after the year of revolutions, Marx makes his home in tolerant London.
Vancouver Island is given the status of a British crown colony, to be followed by British Columbia in Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky undergoes a mock execution, after being sentenced to death for revolutionary activities against tsar Nicholas I.
Fyodor Dostoevsky begins four years of hard labour in Siberia for revolutionary activities. Queen Victoria knights her favourite painter of animals, Edwin Landseer.
The Scottish missionary David Livingstone is profoundly shocked by what he sees of the slave trade at the heart of Africa. British foreign secretary Lord Palmerston sends a naval squadron to seize Greek ships in the Don Pacifico case.
As many as 50, US pioneers travel west this year on the Oregon Trail. Alfred Tennyson's elegy for a friend, In Memoriam , captures perfectly the Victorian mood of heightened sensibility. British engineer Robert Stephenson completes a box-girder railway bridge over the Menai Strait, between Anglesey and mainland Wales. Go to Stephenson, Robert —59 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. California is admitted to the union just two years after being acquired from Mexico.
Go to California in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. The slave trade, but not slavery itself, is banned in Washington and the district of Columbia. Brazil, historically the world's second largest importer of slaves from Africa, finally bans the slave trade. US president Zachary Taylor dies after a short illness and is succeeded by his vice-president, Millard Fillmore.
Go to Fillmore, Millard —74 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The US Congress passes the Compromise of , designed to defuse the growing crisis over slavery. Go to Compromise of in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Fugitive Slave Act, concerned with the arrest of runaway slaves, is the most contentious part of the Compromise of Go to Prynne, Hester [Lit. Go to Panama Canal in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Escaped slave Harriet Tubman makes the first of many dangerous journeys back into Maryland to bring other slaves into freedom.
Go to Tubman, Harriet — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Go to Lind, Jenny —87 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. A rebellion against the Qing dynasty, led by Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, breaks out in southern China.
Go to Pinkerton, Allan —84 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. English cartoonist John Tenniel begins a year career drawing for the satirical magazine Punch. An American clergyman, L. Langstroth, discovers the 'bee space', which becomes a standard feature of the modern beehive. Samson Raphael Hirsch becomes rabbi of a synagogue in Frankfurt, where he develops the theme of neo-Orthodoxy. Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto , based on a play by Victor Hugo, is a huge success at its premiere in Venice.
English photographer Frederick Scott Archer publishes the details of his collodion process, a marked improvement on the earlier calotype negative. German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope, making it possible for a doctor to examine the inside of a patient's eye. English textile magnate Titus Salt begins to build Saltaire as a model industrial village for his workers. Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, built in London in six months, is the world's first example of prefabricated architecture.
Go to Crystal Palace in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Australian gold rush begins with the discovery of gold fields at Ballarat and a few months later at Bendigo. Go to gold rushes in A Dictionary of World History 2 ed. The Great Exhibition attracts six million visitors to London's new Crystal Palace in a period of only six months.
Richard Wagner writes an anti-Semitic tract, Jewishness in Music. Herman Melville publishes Moby Dick; or, The Whale , a novel based on his own month experience on a whaler in A journalist in the Terre Haute Express gives a piece of advice, 'Go west, young man', that chimes perfectly with the US pioneer spirit. Lord John Russell's Whig administration collapses, and Lord Derby follows him as a Conservative prime minister at the head of a coalition government.
The citizens of the US are scandalized to discover that the Mormons practise polygamy. Go to Houses of Parliament in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. In the four years since the discovery of gold, the population of California has leapt from 14, to , Scottish physicist William Thomson formulates the second law of thermodynamics, concerning the transfer of heat within a closed system.
Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes a massively successful antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin , that sells , copies in its first year. US entrepreneur Cornelius Vanderbilt conveys passengers across the American continent through Nicaragua by steamship and horse and carriage.
In an Argentinian civil war, Urquiza defeats the dictator Rosas and is subsequently elected president in Russia insists that her exclusive rights over the Holy Places are enshrined in the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji. Go to Pierce, Franklin —69 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Louis Napoleon, asking the French people to approve his elevation to emperor as Napoleon III, receives a resounding yes in the plebiscite. Lord Aberdeen, leader of the 'Peelite' minority of the Conservative party, forms a new coalition government with the Liberals.
Giuseppe Verdi's opera Il Trovatore is a success at its premiere in Rome. David Livingstone makes a heroic six-month journey from the Zambezi river to the west coast of Africa. The Taiping rebels capture the Chinese city of Nanjing and make it their capital. Hormuzd Rassam discovers the magnificent lion-hunt reliefs in the palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh.
In a worsening diplomatic crisis, Russia puts her Black Sea fleet in a state of alert at Sebastopol. France and Britain despatch their fleets to the Dardanelles, in readiness to go through the Straits to the Black Sea.
Russia occupies two Ottoman principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, on the west coast of the Black Sea. In the expectation of British and French support, the Ottoman sultan declares war on Russia - launching the Crimean War.
The hypodermic syringe with a plunger is simultaneously developed in France and in Scotland. Go to hypodermic syringe in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. British and French warships move up through the Straits and enter the Black Sea in support of Turkey. Robert Schumann throws himself into the Rhine, in an attempt to commit suicide, and spends the last two years of his life in an asylum.
An anti-slavery movement, formed in the USA to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act, adopts a resonant name, calling itself the Republican party.
US inventor Elisha Otis dramatically demonstrates his new safety elevator, cutting the rope suspending his platform in New York's Crystal Palace. The Boers establish the Orange Free State as an independent republic, with its own custom-built constitution. Commodore Matthew Perry, commanding a powerful US fleet, persuades the Japanese to open their country to western trade — ending their period of isolation.
The controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act passes into law, enabling citizens of these territories to decide whether or not to allow slavery. William Baikie, on an expedition up the Niger, protects his men from malaria by administering quinine. Go to quinine in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Ferdinand de Lesseps is granted the concession to construct a canal from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
Australian gold diggers, angered by the requirement to purchase a licence, make a defiant stand at the Eureka stockade. English physician John Snow proves that cholera is spread by infected water from a pump in London's Broad Street. Britain and France enter the war between Turkey and Russia, on the Turkish side.
Thoreau publishes an account of his two years of self-sufficient transcendentalism in his hut at Walden Pond. British and French troops land at Sebastopol, to besiege the port, and win a limited victory over the Russians at the river Alma. Florence Nightingale, responding to reports of horrors in the Crimea, sets sail with a party of twenty-eight nurses. Go to Nightingale, Florence — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
An inconclusive battle at Balaklava includes the Charge of the Light Brigade, with British cavalry recklessly led towards Russian guns. An inconclusive engagement at Inkerman means that the allies in the Crimea have to dig in for the winter besieging Sebastopol. Within six weeks of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimea, Tennyson publishes a poem finding heroism in the disaster.
Jamaican-born nurse Mary Seacole sets up her own 'British Hotel' in the Crimea to provide food and nursing for soldiers in need. Roger Fenton travels out from England to the Crimea — the world's first war photographer.
Go to Fenton, Roger —69 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Lord Palmerston heads the coalition government in Britain after Lord Aberdeen loses a vote of confidence on his conduct of the Crimean War.
Holman Hunt's The Scapegoat combines realism and symbolism in an extreme example of Pre-Raphaelite characteristics. Go to Hunt, Holman — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Panama Railroad company completes a line between the Atlantic and the Pacific, providing America's first transcontinental link. The first edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass is published anonymously, at his own expense, and contains just 12 poems. Go to Whitman, Walt —92 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. David Livingstone, moving down the Zambezi, comes upon the Victoria Falls.
Go to Victoria Falls in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. English artist William Simpson sends sketches from the Crimea which achieve rapid circulation in Britain as tinted lithographs. Liberal leaders Juan Alvarez and Ignacio Comonfort launch a political programme in Mexico that becomes know simply as 'the Reform'.
The Christian Socialism of F. Maurice and others is mocked by its opponents as 'muscular Christianity'. Go to Maurice, F. An Ethiopian baron usurps the throne and proclaims himself emperor, as Theodore II. Longfellow publishes his American Indian epic, The Song of Hiawatha , in an irresistibly catchy metre. The Christmas issue of the Illustrated London News includes chromolithographs, introducing the era of colour journalism.
After a siege of nearly a year the Russians abandon Sebastopol, but the Turkish alliance is too exhausted to pursue the conflict. Go to Sebastopol in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Tennyson publishes a long narrative poem, Maud , a section of which 'Come into the garden, Maud' becomes famous as a song.
English author Anthony Trollope publishes The Warden , the first in his series of six Barsetshire novels. Go to Trollope, Anthony —82 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Abolitionist John Brown presides over the lynching of five pro-slavery men at Pottawatomie in Kansas. An American adventurer, William Walker, wins control of the government in Nicaragua and for a year rules as president. Victoria and Albert complete their fairy-tale castle at Balmoral, adding greatly to the nation's romantic view of Scotland.
Gustave Flaubert publishes Madame Bovary , a novel of frustrated romanticism in a provincial French context. English chemist William Henry Perkin accidentally creates the first synthetic die, aniline purple now known as mauve.
Go to Buchanan, James — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. David Livingstone urges upon a Cambridge audience the high ideal of taking 'commerce and Christianity' into Africa.
Go to Badger, Daniel D. French chemist Louis Pasteur proves the existence of micro-organisms by showing that a liquid will only ferment if exposed to contamination from the air. Go to Elysium in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Animal fat on a new issue of cartridges sparks off the Indian Mutiny, also know as the First War of Indian Independence.
Go to Indian Mutiny —58 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Charles Baudelaire publishes his first and extremely influential collection of poems, Les Fleurs du Mal. Go to Hughes, Thomas —96 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. After being besieged for five months in Lucknow, the remnants of the British garrison finally escape.
Acts of exceptional valour in the Crimean War are rewarded with a new medal, the Victoria Cross, made from the metal of captured Russian guns. Amos Barton' and two other stories are published together, as Scenes of Clerical Life , under the pseudonym George Eliot. Palmerston's government collapses and Lord Derby heads another Conservative minority administration. Conservatives seize Mexico City at the start of a civil war against the Liberal government. Go to Mexico City in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
Go to Fenian movement in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Burton and Speke reach Lake Tanganyika at Ujiji, a place later famous for the meeting between Livingstone and Stanley. Lucknow is retaken by the British, nearly a year after it fell to the rebels. Brunel dies just before the maiden voyage of his gigantic final project, the luxury liner The Great Eastern.
The end of the Indian Mutiny is followed by brutal British retaliation. Abraham Lincoln comes to national prominence through his debates on slavery with Stephen Douglas, his rival for an Illinois seat in the Senate. Go to Lincoln, Abraham —65 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Charles Darwin is alarmed to receive in his morning post a paper by Alfred Russell Wallace, outlining very much his own theory of evolution.
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See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Music Judaism Germany. See this event in other timelines: Politics Democracy and dissent Dynasties and royalty Europe France. See this event in other timelines: Science Life sciences Austria. See this event in other timelines: Science Life sciences Germany.
See this event in other timelines: British Isles Europe Britain. Publisher: HistoryWorld. See this event in other timelines: 18th century Performing arts Music Austria Napoleon takes a French army through the Alps before the snows have cleared, and defeats the Austrians at Marengo Go to Marengo, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. See this event in other timelines: Britain Politics Great Britain - from United Kingdom - from British Isles British monarchs - from Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Horatio Nelson puts his telescope to his blind eye when the signal is given to withdraw from Copenhagen harbour Go to Nelson, Admiral Horatio — [Hist.
Madison, a landmark example of judicial review, the US Supreme Court declares an act of Congress to be unconstitutional Go to judicial review in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 2 rev ed. See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic era Europe France Richard Trevithick runs the first locomotive on rails, pulling heavy weights a distance of 9 miles 15 km near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales Go to Trevithick, Richard — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Australia Beethoven changes the dedication of his third symphony on hearing that his hero, Napoleon, has made himself an emperor Go to Eroica Symphony in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music 5 ed. See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic era Performing arts Music Germany Alexander Hamilton is fatally wounded by a bullet to the head in a duel with his political adversary Aaron Burr Go to Hamilton, Alexander — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic era Politics Protest and rebellion Europe Italy Napoleon merges the majority of the German states into a Confederation of the Rhine with himself as its protector Go to Confederation of the Rhine —13 in A Dictionary of World History 2 ed. See this event in other timelines: Politics North America United States A Scottish clergyman, Alexander Forsyth, invents the percussion cap to help in his pursuit of wildfowl Go to percussion cap noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed.
Making the journey to China and maintaining the U. Perhaps most significantly, when Commodore Matthew Perry sailed his ships to Japan in , his primary motivation was to establish a foothold that would strengthen the U. In other words, the United States opened relations with Japan in large part to enhance its status in China. On a smaller scale, as U. Government appointed consuls to several of these places. For example, consulates were established in Fiji in , Samoa in , and the Marshall Islands in Ultimately this need became so great, and the U.
The process of U. The Spanish-American War began with a dispute over Cuba, but a rising tide of interest in overseas empire among U. After a swift victory over Spain, the United States set up a temporary military administration to govern the islands and promote their political, economic, and social development.
By , the United States was a recognized world power with substantial commercial, political, and military interests and territorial holdings throughout the Pacific region. Menu Menu. Milestones: — For more information, please see the full notice.
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