And the children of such person so naturalized, dwelling within the United States, being under the age of twenty one years at the time of such naturalization, shall also be considered as citizens of the United States.
And the children of citizens of the United States that may be born beyond Sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born Citizens: Provided, that the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States.
National Archives: Marian L. Smith on Race, Nationality, and Reality in U. Cutting across class boundaries, Jim Crow unites poor and wealthy whites in a campaign of aggression and social control, while denying African Americans equality in the courts, freedom of assembly and movement, and full participation as citizens. The federal government adopts segregation under President Wilson in , and is not integrated until the s. California passes the first alien land law, prohibiting "aliens ineligible to citizenship" from owning or leasing land.
Although the language isn't explicitly racial, the law only applies to Asian immigrants and it gives white farmers an unfair advantage by keeping Japanese and other competitors out. Loopholes in the law allow Japanese to continue farming until a ballot initiative bars them from leasing land altogether. Arizona passes a similar law in , followed by Washington and Louisiana in , and nine other states by California's alien land laws are rescinded in Wyoming and Kansas finally repeal their statutes in and , while two states, Florida and New Mexico, still have alien land laws written into their state constitution.
The Johnson-Reed Act overhauls U. The act favors immigrants from northern and western Europe over "the inferior races" of Asia and southern and eastern Europe. Following the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Asiatic Barred Zone Act, the Quota Act of , and other exclusionary measures, the act represents the culmination of several decades of racialized, anti-immigration sentiment and policy. This explicit preference system continues to shape American demographics and immigration policy until the s.
Beginning in the s and s, the federal government creates programs that subsidize low-cost loans, opening up home ownership to millions of Americans for the first time.
Government underwriters also introduce a national appraisal system tying property value and loan eligibility to race, inventing "redlining," and effectively locking nonwhites out of homebuying just as many white Americans are getting in. The growth of restricted suburbs, especially after World War II, helps European "ethnics" blend together as whites, while minorities are "marked" by urban poverty.
Discriminatory policies and practices help create two legacies that are still with us today: segregated communities and a substantial wealth gap between whites and nonwhites. View object record. How to Become a Citizen of the United States , Gift of W. New citizens taking the Oath of Allegiance as part of their naturalization ceremony, Chicago, October 13, Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration. Sign up for Monthly E-newsletter.
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